Silymarin shows various biological activities in scientific investigations that are currently being further researched: Antioxidant: Protects cells against oxidative stress caused by free radicals Hepatoprotective: Under experimental conditions, silymarin can inhibit the binding of certain liver toxins to liver cells and support the regenerative capacity of hepatocytes Anti-inflammatory: Anti-inflammatory properties demonstrated in cell models Cholagogue: Possible support for bile production and bile flow Lipid profile: Influence on cholesterol and fat metabolism parameters in clinical studies Immunomodulatory: Activity in the immune system demonstrated in animal models Milk Thistle and the Liver Supporting liver health is the most thoroughly researched area of application for milk thistle extract

In the LC3 lipidation pathway, Atg4 cleaves the LC3 precursor to generate LC3-I, which is then covalently linked by Atg7 to Atg3, forming membrane-anchored LC3-II that integrates into the autophagosome membrane, promoting membrane extension and serving as a marker for substrate recognition, thereby facilitating targeted transport (30)
It acts as a cell protector, guarding against damage from oxidation and boosting our immune system
Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on the Neuropsychopharmacology website ( Supplementary information Rights and permissions About this article Cite this article Lavoie, S., Murray, M., Deppen, P
SURPASS-CVOT (N=13,165) noninferior on 3-point MACE (HR 0.92), with 4-point MACE HR 0.88 and all-cause death HR 0.84: Heerspink SURPASS-4 kidney post-hoc
The Graph Pad Prism software (version 8.0.1) was employed utilized to visualize the results