Hydroquinone is considered the topical gold standard in dermatology for reducing hyperpigmentation. Ee Ting Ng, cosmetic chemist Dermatologists often use hydroquinone to treat melasma, a skin condition where dark patches appear on the forehead, cheeks and upper lip
Cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, inhibits exocytotic glutamate release from rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes)
Long-term safety data remains limited for both routes, but available studies suggest excellent tolerability
It does not describe effects in humans, is not medical or health advice, and this product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, mitigate, or prevent any disease or condition
Connor K, Wamsley R
Glser et al., 2014)