The response may vary by nutritional status, type of training, duration and the population studied
However, it is expensive, complex, and time-consuming (Table 4) (Szatanek et al., 2015)
Just to use myself as an example, I am financially better off than I ever would have expected to be as a professional ultra runner, and I have been drug tested exactly zero times
10.1007/s11357-023-00750-4 71 de MontgolfierO.PinonA.PouliotP.GillisM
However, ALCAR has been shown to have an anti-apoptotic effect when incubated with several cell lines, 40 but there are other reports which have indicated that, conversely, 2 acyl-carnitines, palmitoylcarnitine (C16) 41 and 3-hydroxy-isovalerylcarnitine (C5OH), 42 have a pro-apoptotic effect on certain cell lines
Liu K, Harrison MT, Shabala S, Meinke H, Ahmed I, Zhang Y, et al