According to the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, functional B12 deficiency is most commonly seen in patients with one or more of the following: Age over 50 stomach acid production declines with age, and stomach acid is required to free B12 from food PPI or H2 blocker use reflux medications suppress the acid needed for B12 absorption Metformin use, which interferes with B12 absorption directly Vegan or vegetarian diets B12 is found almost exclusively in animal products Gut conditions including celiac, IBS, SIBO, and Crohns MTHFR mutations that affect how B12 is metabolized once absorbed Heavy alcohol use The symptoms of low B12 are easy to dismiss: fatigue, brain fog, low mood, tingling in the hands or feet, weakness, and shortness of breath on mild exertion
Pernicious anaemia is far more than a simple vitamin deficiency
CL Answer What is the best protein supplement for vegetarians and vegans
BPC-157 peptide therapy uses BPC-157 in a highly concentrated form and is available as an injectable and as an oral supplement
No validated human dose exists for either BPC-157 or TB-500 as of May 2026
Longevity and wellness influencers have promoted those purported benefits, claiming they can accelerate healing from injuries, improve physical performance and ultimately slow aging