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Abbreviations T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus BA: Bile acid FXR: Farnesoid X receptor TGR5: G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 5 CDCA: Chenodeoxy cholic acid CA: Cholic acid CYP7A1: Cholesterol 7 -hydroxylase C4: -Hydroxy-4-cholesterol-3-one CYP8B1: Cholesterol 12 -hydroxylase CYP27A1: Cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily A member 1 BSEP: Bile salt export pump MRP2: Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 ASBT: Apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter MRP3: Multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 IABP: Ileal bile acid binding protein OST /OST : Organic solute transporter / NTCP: Sodium-dependent taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide OATP: Organic anion transporter DCA: Deoxycholic acid LCA: Lithocholic acid BSH: Bile salt hydrolase UDCA: Ursodeoxycholic acid TCA: Taurocholic acid HOMA-IR: Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance MAFG: Musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene family protein G GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide 1 AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase SG: Sleeve gastrectomy FGF15/19: Fibroblast growth factor 15/19 RYGB: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass Gly-MCA: Glycine--muricholic acid SHP: Small heterodimer partner LXR: Liver X receptor LRH-1: Liver receptor homologue-1 HNF-4: Hepatic nuclear factor-4 G6Pase: Glucose-6-phosphatase PEPCK: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylate kinase ChREBP: Carbohydrate response element binding protein FXRIN: Intestinal-specific FXR knockout mice FXRL: Liver-specific FXR knockout mice ER: Endoplasmic reticulum PKA: Protein kinase A cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate DIO2: Type II iodothyronine deiodinase PGC1-: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1- FGFRs: Fibroblast growth factor receptors JNK/ERK: C-Jun amino terminal kinase/extracellular signal regulated kinase KLB: -Klotho PXR: Pregnane X receptor CAR: Constitutive androstane receptor VDR: Vitamin D receptor TAS2R: Taste 2 receptor References Israili ZH

In some individuals, oral semaglutide, taken daily, has shown similar or even superior efficacy compared to weekly injections in some studies, particularly in reducing A1C levels

In clinical trials, semaglutide and tirzepatide consistently lower C-reactive protein (CRP), yet only 2060% of that improvement can be explained by weight or glucose changes

Experts say that the next generation of drugs may help achieve longevity or anti-ageing goals for millions around the world

IV therapy bypasses digestion entirely, delivering nutrients at 100% bioavailability, compared to the lower absorption rates of oral supplements that pass through your stomach environment