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Transcellular permeability Given the integrity of cellular structures and junctional proteins between ECs, it is typical for gases and small lipid-soluble molecules with molecular weights under 400 Da to be able to passively diffuse across the BBB [22]

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In contrast, reverse electron transport (RET) occurs when elevated CoQH 2 levels or a high mitochondrial membrane potential () drive electrons backward from CoQH 2 along complex I

Notably, ECs display considerably reduced levels of intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) in comparison to ECs in peripheral organs, thereby imposing stringent limitations on immune cell ingress into the brain tissue [34, 35]