Its defining structural feature is the gamma-glutamyl linkage: the glutamate residue is joined through its side-chain carboxyl rather than the usual alpha-peptide bond, which makes the molecule resistant to most intracellular peptidases and means it is cleaved almost exclusively by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase at the outer cell surface (Zhang, Forman and Choi, Methods in Enzymology, 2005)
Both vegans/vegetarians ( n = 7) and omnivores ( n = 10) gave consent and were instructed to continue with their typical diets but with the addition of supplemental l-carnitine (500 mg l-carnitine tartrate per day, provided in a Vegicap)
M.FuY.WangT.et al (2005)
Interplay of physical mechanisms and biofilm processes: review of microfluidic methods
Further, this condition may be associated with a plasma concentration ratio of acylcarnitine/levocarnitine greater than 0.4 or abnormally elevated concentrations of acylcarnitine in the urine
However, these large fatty acid molecules cannot penetrate the impermeable inner mitochondrial membrane on their own