According to the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, functional B12 deficiency is most commonly seen in patients with one or more of the following: Age over 50 stomach acid production declines with age, and stomach acid is required to free B12 from food PPI or H2 blocker use reflux medications suppress the acid needed for B12 absorption Metformin use, which interferes with B12 absorption directly Vegan or vegetarian diets B12 is found almost exclusively in animal products Gut conditions including celiac, IBS, SIBO, and Crohns MTHFR mutations that affect how B12 is metabolized once absorbed Heavy alcohol use The symptoms of low B12 are easy to dismiss: fatigue, brain fog, low mood, tingling in the hands or feet, weakness, and shortness of breath on mild exertion
Pekala, J., Patkowska-Sokola, B., et al
Eat smaller, more frequent meals four or five smaller meals beats three big ones Eat slowly, chew thoroughly, put your fork down between bites Stop when you're satisfied, not stuffed eating past comfortable fullness is the fastest route to nausea Stay hydrated aim for at least 64 oz of water a day, sipped throughout the day Don't lie down for at least 30 minutes after eating
Given that GLP-1RAs are demonstrating efficacy in diseases beyond weight loss and diabetes, their use is only going to increase
Conceiving of the study, participated in its design and helping to draft the manuscript
Outcomes will depend on what happens between follow-ups