The covariates were adjusted in the PSM model for a priori-identified potential confounders, such as age, sex, race/ethnicity, nicotine dependence, BMI, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, chronic respiratory disease, chronic renal diseases, BP, chronic kidney disease, peripheral vascular diseases, diabetes-related microvascular complications, glomerular diseases, cirrhosis of the liver, osteoporosis, sleep apnoea, abnormal laboratory findings (HbA 1c , serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol [TG]) and intake of cardiovascular medications (Table 1)
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Some individual ingredients, such as berberine or green tea extract, have research behind them, but the patch format and overall blend lack scientific trials or published data confirming effectiveness
[email protected] These authors have contributed equally to this work This article was submitted to Microbiotechnology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology Disclaimer All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers
The clinic advises starting with a low dose and gradually increasing it to minimize gastrointestinal discomfort
Regular follow-up appointments let your provider monitor your progress and adjust treatment as needed