The discrepancies of GLP-1 in these studies definitely depend on the model (in vivo/in vitro), species, and the duration of GLP-1 (short/sustained half life)
Nakamura H, Tanaka T, Zheng C, Afione SA, Warner BM, Noguchi M, et al
The trial named PROTECT-Cog, which stands for Prevention of Risk fOr cogniTive dEcline through Combined Therapy was announced for the first time today at the Alzheimer's Association International Conference (AAIC) 2026 in London
the human RCTs that put it ahead of most brain-fog fads Chandrasekhar 2012 (~27.9% lower cortisol), Choudhary 2017 in the Journal of Dietary Supplements (better memory, attention and executive function), Salve 2019 and Gopukumar 2021
Every-other-day dosing falls between twice weekly and three times weekly, with a 30% peak reduction and a peak-to-trough ratio of 1.8
In this letter, we summarise the findings of the most recent studies that have reported the potential impact of GLP-1RAs on the residual gastric content (RGC), in light of an increased risk of aspiration pneumonia for patients undergoing general anaesthesia and/or deep sedation (Table 1)